Germany, Federal Republic of Germany,the federal-state locatedin Europe, a member ofthe European Union, the G8, the UN and NATO.The capital ofGermany isBerlin. The official language isGerman. Is bordered tothe North Seaand the Baltic Seato the north,the Alpsin the south,the river Rhinein the west andthe Oderin the east.Borderedto the north byDenmark,to the eastof thePolishand the Czech Republic, to the southby Austria and Switzerland, andto the west byFrance, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. Germany is afederal parliamentary republic ofsixteenstates.
Poland, the Republic of Poland-a unitary statein Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Seato the northandthe SudetenandCarpathian Mountainsto the south,in the basin ofthe Vistula and Oder. Polishadministrativeareaof 312679 km²,making it the70thplace in the worldand theninthin Europe.Population of over38.5million people, isthemost populous34placein the world andsixthin the European Union. To the westis borderedby Germany to thesouthofthe Czech Republic andSlovakia to the southofUkraine and Belarus, north eastofLithuania andto the northofRussia throughan administrative unitcalledKaliningrad. In addition,most of thenorthern boundary of thePolishcoastof the Baltic Seasets. Polishexclusive economic zonein the Baltic Seais bordered byareasof Denmarkand Sweden.
Brazil, the full name: FederalRepublic- the largestin terms of areaandpopulation ofthe stateof South Americaandthe fifth-largestcountry in the world.It occupies more than47.5% of South America,has more than193 millioninhabitants.
BoliviaBoliviaMultinationalState- the Stateonthe South American continent. It is bordered byBrazil to the northand east,Paraguay and Argentinato the south, and Chile andPeruto the west.Youdo not have accessto the sea.
UnitedStates, United Statesof America -the federalstate inNorth America,borderingwith Canadato the north, Mexicoto the south, the Pacific Oceanto the west,the Arctic Oceanto the northwest andthe Atlantic Oceanto the east.The thirdin terms of populationand the fourthin terms ofterritory.It includesalsoDeiss recommendsislandin the Pacificandthe Atlantic.
Canada -a country locatedin North America,extendingfrom the Atlantic Oceanin the east tothe Pacific Oceanin the west andthe Arctic Oceanto the north.In the southand northwestborderswith the United Statesmaritime borderswith Denmarkin the northand eastofFrance.The secondcountry in the worldin terms of areaand38in terms of population. Canada is amember of the UN,NAFTA, the Commonwealth,La Francophonie, NATO,the G8,APEC.
Pakistan, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan-a country insouthernAsia,bordering theArabian Sea,with the capitalIslamabad. The ethnic composition:Punjabis(48%), Sindhowie, Baluchis, Pashtuns, refugees from Afghanistan.
India, Republic of India-a country inSouth Asiathat occupiesmost ofthe Indian subcontinent.
Egypt -a country innortheastern AfricafromSinaipeninsulain westernAsia.Egyptis bordered byIsraeland the Gaza Stripin the northeast,Sudanto the south andLibyato the west.To the northstretchesthe Mediterranean Sea,the Red Seato the east.
Algeria -AlgerianPeople's Democratic Republic-10largestcountry in the world(the largestin Africa), located in northern Africaon the Mediterranean Sea. Member of theAfrican Union.A largepart of theAlgeriandealincluded in theSaharadesertandsemi-deserts.
Sixlargestcontinent, its surface (includingTasmaniaand othercoastalislands)is 7.7millionsquare kilometers(7.5millionsquare kilometerswithoutislands) Origin of name:Australiarefers to thecontinentcomesfrom the termTerra AustralisIncognita,whichEuropeansuseduntil the mid-eighteenthcentury,is aLatintermandmeans: terra-earthaustralis- Southern, incognita-unknown.
Cities inAustralia
S y d n e y -Australia'sbiggest city, the state capital ofNew SouthWales.Foundedin 1788Sydneyis nowAustralia'sleadingfinancial center, commercial, transportand cultural center, a popular tourist centerand the seat ofthe Archbishopof the Roman CatholicChurchandthe Anglican.
M e l b o u r n e - the capitaland largest city ofthe state ofVictoria, and the second largestcity in Australia, a population of4million peoplein themetropolitanarea ofMelbourne(2009). In1901-1927the capital ofAustralia.Twicerecognized byThe Economistmagazine's bestcity to livein the world(2002, 2004). Melbournehas the largest numberof foreign studentsfrom suchcitiesas London,New YorkandParis.It isthe largest concentration ofexpatriateAustralia (16 439people), becausePolandhas his ownhonorary consulate.
A d e l a i d e - a cityinAustralia andthe state capital ofSouth Australia, situated along the RiverTorrens,atthemouth oftheGulf of St.Vincent, north of the FleurieuPeninsula, east ofAdelaidelies the mountain ofMtLoftyRanges.The fifthlargest cityin Australia.
The secondlargestcontinenton Earth.It has30.37millionsquare kilometers, or more than20.3% ofthe total land areaof the globe.It passes throughthemeridian0°, boththe tropicsandrównik.Afrykais the poorestcontinent, affectedmanyplagues-suchas malariaandAIDS-and a placewhere themajority of the populationsuffers frommalnutritionorevenstarvation. In severalcountries in Africaare still ongoingcivil wars andarmed conflictsof various kinds. Most dangerousflashpointsremainDarFur, Sudan, South Sudan, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Chad, Côte d'Ivoire, Somalia, Zimbabwe, northern part ofNigeria, Libya.
Cities inAfrica
Cairo- the capitaland largest city ofEgypt (214 km², the population of6787 000permanent residents,Town of17.285million people(so-calledGreater Cairo)-the largest cityin Africa andthe MiddleEast).Thereare no accuratestatistics onthe populationof Cairo.There is constantwanderingresidents.It is estimated thatevery daycomesa thousandnew residents.Over 2millionpeople live inthe so-called."City ofthe dead."Cairois known asthe "City ofa thousandminarets" or "Mother ofthe World."It isthe largest center ofthe Islamic world.It is locatedon the Nile.
K h a r t o u m -Sudan'scapital, located in theplace where thewatersjointhe WhiteNileand the Blue.The main center ofpolitical, commercialand cultural centerof the country,an important transportation hub.The Universitywas founded in1903.Population:2,203.9thousand.Population(2008)- the secondlargest city inthe country.Along with theneighboring cities ofOmdurmanandKhartoumNorthcreatesa municipalitywith a populationof about4.8million inhabitants.
N a i r o b i- a cityandprovincein Africa, the capital ofKenya, located in thecenter of the countryat an altitude of1700 mabove sea levelAberdarefoothillsand sources ofAthiRiver.Oneof the largestcities in Africaand Eastern Europe.The main industriesarefood processing,textiles, chemicals, wood and paper.An importantroad junction,isa rail linkfromMombasaandKampalain Uganda. Foundedin 1899by the BritishinMaasailandduring the constructionof the railway linefrom Ugandato Mombasa.In 1905,it became the capitalof BritishEast AfricaProtectorate,and in 1963an independentKenya.It islocatedseveraluniversities,includingStrathmoreUniversity.